Differences in Optokinetic and Vestibular Ocular Reflex Performance in Teleosts and their Relationship to Different Life Styles

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Abstract
Horizontal eye movements in response to vestibular and optokinetic stimulation were investigated in 20 species of marine and fresh water teleosts. Most species performed spontaneous saccadic eye movements in light and in darkness. Successive saccades occurred either at irregular intervals and in different directions (few species), or in bursts of smaller saccades in one direction followed by saccades in the opposite direction (majority of species). Thus, in the latter group the lines of sight shifted cyclically from one side to the other about every 10–15 s. Eye movement responses in goldfish and toadfish were prototypical for two major functional groups. Optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus in the goldfish were much more regular and attained significantly higher gains than in the oyster toadfish. Optokinetic afternystagmus (OKAN) and perVpostrotatory nystagmus lasted about 10–12 s in the goldfish, but only 2–3 s in the oyster toadfish. Bilateral labyrinthectomy in goldfish resulted in optokinetic gains and OKAN durations that were very close to those of intact toadfish. These results indicate the presence (in goldfish) and the absence (in toadfish) of a functioning velocity storage network, respectively. Other non-ostariophysan teleosts failed to show a ''goldfish-like'' response pattern as well. Ostariophysan species differed in their reflex performance as well. A ''gold-fish-like'' response pattern was observed in five of the seven cypriniform species and in two of the four characiform species but not in the four siluriform species. Positively correlated, combined response properties suggest that some species are better equipped for gaze stabilization at higher velocities than other species. These behavioral differences may parallel different specializations in locomotor pattern and mode of life. Absence of a functioning velocity storage network in bottom-dwelling teleosts (as in Amphibia) may be related to the sporadic, slow locomotion of these species and the resulting small requirements for continuous gaze stabilization during self-motion at higher velocities.

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