Comparative studies on the statoblasts of higher phylactolaemate bryozoans

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Abstract
Statoblasts of five higher phylactolaemates were compared morphologically. As a result, they were divided into two groups: Group I comprising Lophopus crystallinus, Lophopodella carteri, and Pectinatella gelatinosa, and Group II comprising Pectinatella magnifica and Cristatella mucedo. These two groups are thought to represent independent evolutionary series. In Group I and in P. magnifica, the statoblasts are curved to varying degrees after the manner of a saddle. When the dorsal and ventral valves are flattened, therefore, the contour is different between the two. In Group I, the outermost layer of a mature statoblast is hard‐gelatinous and basophilic; it remains intact after the statoblast is set free. The statoblast does not float until it is dry, and the float is similar in size on both valves. In Group II, a mature statoblast is covered by a softgelatinous basophilic layer, which decays after the statoblast is released. The statoblast floats without drying, and the float is better developed on the dorsal valve than on the ventral. Moreover, in the members of Group II, large yolk granules are first formed, followed by much smaller yolk granules. When their statoblasts are treated with KOH, the shell is separated completely into two valves. These characters are common to many lower phylactolaemates. By contrast, in L. carteri and P. gelatinosa, the yolk granules are uniformly small and the capsule proper resists KOH treatment. On these points, L. crystallinus is somewhat different from these two species, suggesting its primitive nature.