Errors in transfer following learning with understanding: further studies with Katona's card-trick experiments.

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Abstract
Five methods of teaching the understanding of Katona''s card tricks were used with high school seniors. Three of the methods required the.subject to prepare diagrams (Katona''s method and two variations of it described as the horizontal row and vertical column methods). The other methods introduced novel approaches, one using slips of paper as intermediaries, the other consisting of working backwards. Thirty subjects, 15 males and 15 females, performed by each method. The overall differences in success according to method were slight, with some superiority shown by Katona''s original method and the slips of paper method. Examina-tion of the errors showed many careless errors and suggested that it is important in teaching understanding to devise methods that are open for review and check through the retracing of steps. A sex difference favoring males was demonstrated, significant at the .001 level.
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