Assessing Dementia. Part I: Difficulties, Definitions and Differential Diagnosis

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Abstract
Despite the pressures of an increasingly ageing population and an ever increasing scientific knowledge, the clinical characteristics of dementia remain poorly defined. This relative lack of clarity in clinical understanding has led to diverse diagnostic problems, including those of mistaken diagnosis as well as over- and under-diagnosis in different settings. This paper focuses on the syndromal and aetiological diagnosis of dementia by outlining current clinical definitions, considering differential diagnosis in detail and reviewing characteristics of common dementing disorders. The past emphasis on a search for treatable causes, the reliance on laboratory investigations and the concept of subcortical dementia are all questioned. Aspects of evaluation that are stressed include the value of brief objective cognitive testing, a knowledge of normal age-related cognitive changes, flexible criteria for Alzheimer's disease and a comprehensive individualised evaluation of the person. Broader assessment issues will be dealt with in a second paper.