Comparison of the effects of aqueous and of prilled urea, used alone or with urease or nitrification inhibitors, with those of ‘Nitro-Chalk’ on ryegrass leys

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Abstract
Summary: Field experiments on ryegrass leys at Rothamsted in 1981, 1982 and 1983 examined the eifects of injected aqueous urea and of broadcast prilled urea applied alone or with one of several nitrification or urease inhibitors, on yields and N, K, Ca and Mg uptakes. Aqueous urea, prilled urea or ‘Nitro-Chalk’ were applied as single 375 kg N/ha dressings, and prilled urea or ‘Nitro-Chalk’ as three 125 kg N/ha dressings. The nitrification inhibitors etridiazole or nitrapyrin were injected with aqueous urea, but dicyandiamide (DCD) was broadcast with prilled urea. Neither the urease inhibitor hydroquinone nor the nitrification inhibitors slowed the rate of urea hydrolysis. Neither hydroquinone nor DCD diminished volatilization losses of ammonia from broadcast urea which ranged from 8 to 25 kg N/ha; they were less than 4 kg N/ha from injected urea or broadcast ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Nitrapyrin, etridiazole and DCD effectively inhibited nitrification. DCD, and to a lesser extent hydroquinone, increased yields and nitrogen uptakes from a single broadcast application of prilled urea given either in winter or in spring. However, these yields were still smaller than those given by injected urea or by divided dressings of urea, whether or not an inhibitor was used. The inhibitors did not increase yields with divided broadcast dressings of urea, which were slightly smaller than those with equivalent dressings of ‘Nitro-Chalk’. Inhibitors did not consistently increase yield when injected with aqueous urea. Inhibitors applied with injected or broadcast urea slightly increased K uptakes, and slightly decreased Ca and Mg uptakes.