An appraisal of practical alternatives to legume seed inoculation: field experiments on seed bed inoculation with solid and liquid inoculants

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Abstract
Sixteen field experiments were conducted to assess whether inoculant applied as a liquid or in solid form separately from the seed but into the seed bed could be used as a substitute for conventional methods of legume seed inoculation. The experiments were done over a period of 8 years, on several soil types, with both crop and pasture legumes. Criteria used to measure response included success of the applied strain of rhizobia in forming nodules, quality of nodulation, seedling establishment, foliage dry matter production, and seed yield. Under favourable conditions for sowing, solid and liquid inoculants were generally as good as seed inoculation at similar total rates of application in promoting root nodulation and plant growth. However, when conditions were unfavourable for survival of rhizobia, e.g. when seed was dusted with toxic fungicide or when germination was delayed owing to environmental circumstances, solid or liquid inoculant gave better nodulation and very often better plant growth and seed yield than seed inoculation. The implications of these findings on alternatives to conventional seed inoculation and how they might be applied to agricultural practice are discussed.