Pathogens for the Suppression of the Fall Armyworm

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Abstract
The fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is susceptible to at least 16 spp. of entomogenous pathogens including viruses, fungi, protozoa, nematodes and a bacterium. [Viruses included Spodoptera frugiperda, nuclear polyhediosis virus, S. frugiperda gronulosis virus, S. frugiperda cytoplasmic polyhedrosis, Autographa nuclear polyhediosis virus and Trichoplusia nuclear polyhediosis virus. The Bacteria were listed as Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, a delta-endotoxin, B. t. var. thuringiensis and B. t. var alesti. The protozoa (Microsporidia) included Nosema laphygmae Weiser, N. heliothidis Lutz and Splendore and Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer). Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., Entomophthora aulicae (Reich.) Sorok., E. sphaerosperma fresenius, Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorok. and Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Sampson are all pathogenic fungi. The nematodes Hexamermis sp. and Neoaplectana carpocapsae Weiser are listed.] Many of these occur naturally in fall armyworm populations. Some cause natural epizootics. Attempts to suppress fall armyworm populations on agricultureal crops by application of pathogens have had various degrees of success.