Frequency stability of millimetre-band reflex klystrons with various cooling techniques

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Abstract
The fractional frequency deviation σy(τ) of free-running conventional reflex klystrons in the 18–99 GHz range has been measured in the laboratory for 0.01 s ≤ τ ≤ 60 s. σy(τ) increases as τ½ for τ≳0.1 s. Depending on the individual klystron, water or oil-bath cooling reduces σy(τ) by a factor of 2.5–10, to approximately 5×10−7 for τ = 60 s.

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