Infant Mortality and Maternal Vitamin A Deficiency During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Abstract
The maternal factors that contribute to high mortality among infants born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are unclear. We followed 474 HIV-infected mothers and their infants in Malawi from pregnancy through the infants' 12th month of life. Of the 474 HIV-infected pregnant women, 300 (63.3%) were deficient in vitamin A (serum level of vitamin A, P < .0001). The overall infant mortality rate was 28.7%. We divided HIV-positive mothers into six groups according to serum vitamin A levels (µmol/L) as follows: group 1, 1.75. Infant mortality rates for each group were 93.3%, 41.6%, 23.4%, 18.5%, 17.7%, and 14.2%, respectively (P < .0001). Maternal vitamin A deficiency during HIV infection may contribute to increased infant mortality.

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