INSECT PESTS AND THE EVOLUTION OF DEFENSIVE GLANDULAR TRICHOMES IN ALFALFA

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Abstract
Glandular trichomes can defend (Medicago species from herbivores in a variety of insect orders. Wild alfalfas with high concentrations of glandular trichomes occur in a restricted portion of the geographical range of the species (Medicago saliva L. sensu lato), especially in the Caucasus, Ukraine, and adjacent areas of the USSR. These observations suggest that this adaptation was developed to defend the alfalfa against insect pests with similar geographical distribution. That M. sativa plants with pods covered with glandular hairs tend to have larger, if fewer, seeds than plants with pods lacking the hairs also suggests an adaptation against herbivores. Because the glandular trichomes occur primarily on the ovaries and pods, the pests likely feed on seeds. After considering the biology and geography of the major Soviet insect pests of cultivated alfalfa, it was concluded that the most likely insects responsible for the localized evolution of pod glandularity are species of Tychius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).Key words: Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., seed chalcid, Brachophagus, Tychius, glandular trichomes, pest resistance (immunity)