CLAY MINERAL VARIABILITY IN SOME PUNJAB SOILS

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Abstract
Clay mineral variations in 15 soils from the Punjab area of West Pakistan were examined in detail by X-ray diffraction, and by chemical and physical methods. Main variations were in the amounts of quartz plus feldspars and montmorillonite present, with the former ranging between 7 and 63% of the total < 2/[mu]u material and the latter ranging between 0 and 30%. X-ray diffraction was a useful qualitative tool for the studies, but was insensitive to even rather marked quantitative variations in sample mineralogy. Both cation-exchange-capacity and surface area, on the other hand, were well correlated with the observed mineralogical variations, and either of these latter techniques would be adequate tools for additional mineralogical surveys on soils from this area.

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