Functions of the IGFs in early mammalian development

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Abstract
The identification of growth factors and/or receptors produced by mammalian embryos or present in the maternal reproductive tract is of basic interest, as well as having practical application. Early studies established that receptors binding insulin and the insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) are expressed by preimplantation mouse embryos. These studies have been confirmed at the molecular level using RT‐PCR techniques. In addition, high resolution electron microscopy has shown that insulin is internalized by the cells of the blastocyst stage mouse embryo, and that immunologically intact insulin is detectable in the cells of the trophectoderm and inner cell mass. Similar studies with gold labelled IGF‐I have shown that this ligand is also bound and internalized by mouse blastocysts. However, although all blastocysts express receptors that bind IGF‐I on the basolateral cell surface of the trophectoderm, only 30% exhibit apically located receptors. In order to elucidate the functions of IGFs in early mouse development, we are in the process of constructing protein databases for embryos at the eight‐cell and blastocyst stage. By the use of the database, it should prove possible to elucidate targets of growth factor action.