Autoregulation of the Human C/EBPα Gene by Stimulation of Upstream Stimulatory Factor Binding

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Abstract
The human C/EBP alpha gene promoter shares significant sequence homology with that of the mouse but has a different mechanism of autoregulation. Activation of the murine promoter by direct binding of C/EBP alpha to a site within 200 bp of the transcriptional start was shown to elevate activity by approximately threefold (R. J. Christy, K. H. Kaestner, D. E. Geiman, and M. D. Lane, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2593-2597, 1991; K. Legraverend, P. Antonson, P. Flodby, and K. G. Xanthapoulos, Nucleic Acids Res. 21:1735-1742, 1993). Unlike its murine counterpart, the human C/EBP alpha gene promoter does not contain a cis element that binds the C/EBP alpha protein. Neither C/EBP alpha nor C/EBP beta (NF-Il-6) binds the human C/EBP alpha promoter within 437 bp. However, cotransfection studies show that C/EBP alpha stimulates transcription of a reporter gene driven by 437 bp of the C/EBP alpha promoter. Our studies show that the human C/EBP alpha protein stimulates USF to bind to a USF consensus element within C/EBP alpha promoter and activates it by two- to threefold. We propose that the human gene employs the ubiquitously expressed DNA-binding protein factor USF to carry out autoregulation. Autoregulation of the human C/EBP alpha promoter was abolished by deletion of the USF binding site, CACGTG. Expression of human C/EBP beta following transfection did not stimulate USF binding. These studies suggest a mechanism whereby tissue-specific autoregulation can be achieved via a trans-acting factor that is expressed in all cell types. Thus, direct binding of the C/EBP alpha protein to the promoter of the C/EBP alpha gene is not required for autoregulation.