Folding in Tube-Sinking

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Abstract
An experimental study of the folding tendency of tubes during the process of sinking was made. It was determined that tubes with a fold-free point, having a wall thickness of less than 1 per cent of the diameter, can be sunk without folding. However, if it is attempted to sink tubes with points containing folds beyond a certain critical reduction, the fold contained in the point will be perpetuated throughout the length of the tube. This critical reduction increases almost linearly with the ratio of thickness to diameter of the tube, and is little affected by the die angle, the metal, and its temper. The length of the fold during its formative period is found to increase with increasing reduction, with decreasing relative thickness, and to be relatively unaffected by die angle. The stress required to sink a tube with folds was found to increase only slowly beyond the limiting stress for sinking such a tube without folding to the smallest possible diameter.

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