Thresholds for Inducing Protective Stepping Responses to External Perturbations of Human Standing

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Abstract
Standing subjects were unexpectedly pulled forward to identify a threshold boundary that evokes stepping in terms of the size of the pull relative to the base of support (BoS). Performances in a range of sensorimotor tests were correlated with the threshold boundary parameters. Younger and older subjects were studied to identify age-related changes in stepping and the threshold boundaries. The threshold boundary had a forward limit (TL) that, when crossed, always made subjects step no matter how slowly they were pulled. As velocity increased, the threshold position that produced a step shifted nearer to the ankles. Eventually a pull velocity was reached above which velocity had no further effect and a position threshold (TH) was identified behind which subjects never stepped. Thus the position threshold boundary for stepping is a posterior-going sigmoidal function of perturbation velocity. Older subjects stepped more than the young (69% vs. 40% of trials). For the older subjects, TL (91% vs. 107% BoS) and TH (59% vs. 72% BoS) were closer to the ankles, and the transition between TL and TH occurred at lower velocities (96% vs. 121% BoS.s–1). Across the entire study population many sensorimotor factors were associated with TL and TH. However, these associations were not present when age was removed as a factor. Thus, although the older subjects use protective stepping more often, this cannot be attributed directly to the sensorimotor factors tested here. It can be explained by stepping as a triggered response to the perturbation event rather than later sensory input about body movement.