The response of photographic emulsions to electrons in the energy range 7-60 kev

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Abstract
The large-area responses of ten emulsions (five `conventional', three nuclear research and two Schumann-type) have been examined for electron energies between 7 and 60 kev. The responses are considered in terms of the initial slope of the optical density D-exposure E curve, the value of E for D = 1, the saturation density Ds and the number of grains rendered developable per incident electron. For high D/Ds values, the forms of the experimental (D, E) relationships are found to depart from those expected if the mechanism of rendering developable a photographic grain were a simple single hit process, in a way that depends on the electron energy. The effect on the single hit relationship of the dependence of the exposure on the depth of electron penetration is considered, allowing a more complete inter-pretation of the shape of the (D, E) curves in terms of simple descriptions of electron-grain interactions. The high sensitivities of the nuclear and Schumann emulsions make feasible the direct recording at useful magnifications of electron images formed by low energy electrons.