Bovine enterovirus 2: complete genomic sequence and molecular modelling of a reference strain and a wild-type isolate from endemically infected US cattle

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Abstract
Bovine enteroviruses are members of the family Picornaviridae, genus Enterovirus. Whilst little is known about their pathogenic potential, they are apparently endemic in some cattle and cattle environments. Only one of the two current serotypes has been sequenced completely. In this report, the entire genome sequences of bovine enterovirus 2 (BEV-2) strain PS87 and a recent isolate from an endemically infected herd in Maryland, USA (Wye3A) are presented. The recent isolate clearly segregated phylogenetically with sequences representing the BEV-2 serotype, as did other isolates from the endemic herd. The Wye3A isolate shared 82 % nucleotide sequence identity with the PS87 strain and 68 % identity with a BEV-1 strain (VG5-27). Comparison of BEV-2 and BEV-1 deduced protein sequences revealed 72–73 % identity and showed that most differences were single amino acid changes or single deletions, with the exception of the VP1 protein, where both BEV-2 sequences were 7 aa shorter than that of BEV-1. Homology modelling of the capsid proteins of BEV-2 against protein database entries for picornaviruses indicated six significant differences among bovine enteroviruses and other members of the family Picornaviridae. Five of these were on the ‘rim’ of the proposed enterovirus receptor-binding site or ‘canyon’ (VP1) and one was near the base of the canyon (VP3). Two of these regions varied enough to distinguish BEV-2 from BEV-1 strains. This is the first report and analysis of full-length sequences for BEV-2. Continued analysis of these wild-type strains should yield useful information for genotyping enteroviruses and modelling enterovirus capsid structure.