On the Cause of the Maximum Velocity of Water Flowing in Open Channels being below the Surface

Abstract
Hydraulic engineers have been very unwilling to admit that, generally, in open channels the greatest velocity is not at the surface, but at some distance below; the fact is, however, now too well established by numerous experiments to be any longer doubtful. Some have attributed it to the resistance of the air, and this, undoubtedly, must frequently tend to produce such an effect, more particularly when the wind is strongly opposed to the current; but it has been observed that the greatest velocity is at some distance below the surface when the wind is in the same direction as the current, when its tendency must be to quicken the surface velocity.

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