Factors used to select adjuvant therapy of breast cancer in the United States: an overview of age, race, and socioeconomic status.

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Abstract
Age, race, and socioeconomic status all play a role in decisions regarding breast cancer adjuvant therapy. Increasing age remains the major risk factor for breast cancer, while in very young women breast cancer may have a poorer prognosis, even when adjusted for disease stage and other variables. More than half of all new breast cancers in the United States occur in women older than 65 years. Because of the higher frequency of coexisting (comorbid) serious illness in older women, the benefits of adjuvant therapy get smaller as age increases. Adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen and/or chemotherapy can statistically significantly improve survival in older women, but older women are less likely to receive chemotherapy and are less likely to be offered participation in clinical trials. Efforts are now under way to overcome age bias among health care providers and to develop clinical trials focusing on older patients. Breast cancer mortality is higher in African-Americans than in white Americans. Although the biologic characteristics of breast cancer are worse in African-Americans, major differences in survival are related to socioeconomic factors and access to care. When matched for disease stage and other major clinical and biologic variables, African-American and white patients have similar survival rates. Few data are available on the effects of adjuvant treatment on early breast cancer outcomes in Hispanic Americans and Asian-Americans. Poverty and lack of insurance are surrogates for poor outcomes; major efforts are needed to guarantee all Americans high-quality cancer care.