Engineered Holliday Junctions as Single-Molecule Reporters for Protein−DNA Interactions with Application to a MerR-Family Regulator

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Abstract
Protein−DNA interactions are essential for gene maintenance, replication, and expression. Characterizing how proteins interact with and change the structure of DNA is crucial in elucidating the mechanisms of protein function. Here, we present a novel and generalizable method of using engineered DNA Holliday junctions (HJs) that contain specific protein-recognition sequences to report protein−DNA interactions in single-molecule FRET measurements, utilizing the intrinsic structural dynamics of HJs. Because the effects of protein binding are converted to the changes in the structure and dynamics of HJs, protein−DNA interactions that involve small structural changes of DNA can be studied. We apply this method to investigate how the MerR-family regulator PbrR691 interacts with DNA for transcriptional regulation. Both apo- and holo-PbrR691 bind the stacked conformers of the engineered HJ, change their structures, constrain their conformational distributions, alter the kinetics, and shift the equilibrium of their structural dynamics. The information obtained maps the potential energy surfaces of HJ before and after PbrR691 binding and reveals the protein actions that force DNA structural changes for transcriptional regulation. The ability of PbrR691 to bind both HJ conformers and still allow HJ structural dynamics also informs about its conformational flexibility that may have significance for its regulatory function. This method of using engineered HJs offers quantification of the changes both in structure and in dynamics of DNA upon protein binding and thus provides a new tool to elucidate the correlation of structure, dynamics, and function of DNA-binding proteins.