Mitochondrial involvement in antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy

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Abstract
The management of HIV infection has greatly improved during recent years essentially because of the appearance of new antiretroviral drugs. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has achieved important reductions of viraemia and significant recoveries of CD4+ cell counts in HIV-infected patients. Nonetheless, cases of HIV-infected individuals experiencing lipodystrophy (LD) are being increasingly reported. The purpose of this work was to analyse whether the presence of mitochondrial abnormalities is a frequent feature in LD, since we previously detected mitochondrial abnormalities in an HIV-patient. The second main objective was to study whether LD could be associated with a specific drug. Seven HIV patients presenting LD and five HIV non-LD controls participated in the study. LD patients met the following criteria: (1) LD was their only clinical abnormality, (2) LD was clinically relevant, (3) compliance with antiretroviral treatment was higher than 90% and (4) patients did not have personal or familial history suggestive of mitochondrial disease or neuromuscular disorder. Histological stainings, histo-enzymatic reactions, enzymatic and respiratory activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and rearrangements were examined on muscle mitochondria. Structural muscle abnormalities, mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction or mtDNA deletions were detected in all HIV lipodystrophic patients. The mitochondrial abnormalities found suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction could play a role in the development of antiretroviral therapy-related lipodystrophy.