Stimulation of the respiratory chain of rat liver mitochondria between cytochrome c1 and cytochrome c by glucagon treatment of rats

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Abstract
Mitochondria from glucagon-treated rats oxidize succinate, but not ascorbate plus tetramethylphenylenediamine, faster in the uncoupled state than do control mitochondria. The rate of O2 uptake in the presence of both substrates is equal to the sum of the rates of the O2 uptake in the presence of either substrate alone. It is concluded that the mitochondrial respiratory chain is limited at some point between cytochromes b and c and that this step is regulated by glucagon. Measurement of the cytochrome spectra under uncoupled conditions in the presence of succinate and rotenone demonstrates a crossover between cytochromes c and c1 when control mitochondria are compared with those from glucagon-treated rats, cytochrome c being more oxidized and cytochrome c1 more reduced in control mitochondria. Under conditions where pyruvate metabolism is studied the control mitochondria are generally more oxidized than those from glucagon-treated rats, the redox state of cytochrome b-566 correlating with the rate of pyruvate metabolism in sucrose medium. However, when the redox state of the mitochondria is taken into account, a crossover between cytochromes c and c1 is again apparent. The spectra of the b cytochromes are complex, but cytochrome b-562 appears to become more reduced relative to cytochrome b-566 in mitochondria from glucagon-treated rats than in control mitochondria. This can be explained by the existence of a more alkaline matrix in glucagon-treated rats, the redox potential for cytochrome b being pH-sensitive. It is concluded that glucagon stimulates electron flow between cytochromes c1 and c. The physiological significance of these findings is discussed.