Guided modes of Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ channel waveguides: a novel quasi-analytical technique in comparison with the scalar finite-element method

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Abstract
Two different techniques for the calculation of optical modes of Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ channel waveguides are presented. The first one is an almost analytical technique based on the effective-refractive-index method. The second one is based on the well-known finite-element method. Both approaches use a rather realistic waveguide model considering crystal anisotropy, wavelength dispersion of the refractive index distributions, and also the nonlinear dependence of the ordinary refractive index on the Ti/sup 4+/ concentration. Effective indices and field distributions obtained by both techniques are compared for wavelengths of 0.6 and 1.2 mu m, for both quasi-TE and -TM polarization, considering Y-cut and Z-cut crystal orientation and both isotropic and anisotropic Ti/sup 4+/ diffusion.