Diurnal and seasonal variations of space charge, electric field and cloud condensation nuclei in the lowest layer of the atmosphere

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Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal variations of space charge, vertical electric field and cloud condensation nuclei in the lowest layers of the atmosphere during winter, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons were studied. The curve showing the diurnal variation of space charge exhibited a double oscillation corresponding to that of the electric field during winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Similar features are absent during monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. During pre-monsoon the semi-diurnal components of space charge and electric field are in phase while in winter the semi-diurnal component of space charge occurs 1 h ahead of the electric field component. The mean values and diurnal ranges of both space charge and electric field are high during winter/pre-monsoon and are low during monsoon/post-monsoon seasons. The diurnal range of temperature and concentration of cloud condensation nuclei are positively correlated with space charge and the electric field. The pre-sunrise minimum in the electric field is associated with the characteristics of the F-region of the ionosphere rather than with the ground sunrise time. The variations in the F2 layer critical frequency (f0F2) are reflected in the diurnal and ter-diurnal components of the surface electric field. The results of the present study support the hypothesis that the increase in the electrosphere potential could be the source of the atmospheric electric sunrise effect (Muir, 1975). DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1980.tb00950.x