The effect of projection errors on angular measurements in cephalometry

Abstract
The effect of projection errors on angular measurements in cephalometry was studied. Angle distortion due to projection errors caused by incorrect patient positioning was determined mathematically. When the object was rotated less than ± 5° from the proper position, angle distortion was less than ±1° and, in most instances, less than ±0.5°. When rotations of more than ±5° but less than ±10° were performed, angle distortion increased. However, misalignment of the patient's head exceeding ±5° should be noted at the positioning. The advantage of extremely long focus to film distances seemed doubtful.

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