Nine-term equation for sound speed in the oceans

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Abstract
A simple yet accurate nine-term, eight-variable equation for sound speed in the oceans, suitable for programmable pocket calculators, is presented. Ranges of validity encompass: temperature −2° to 30° C, salinity 30° to 40°/°°, and depth 0 to 8000 m. Good quality oceanographic data at 15 worldwide stations, including two in the Mediterranean, were utilized for the computations. The Del Grosso and Mader [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 52, 961–974 (1972)] sound-speed equation was employed as ’’truth’’ after comparisons among Wilson [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 32, 641–644. 1357 (1960)] and others. A precise method of computing pressure is detailed. Practical differences in critical depth, excess depth, conjugate depth, deep sound-speed gradients, and echo-sounder corrections are shown to be small between computations based on Wilson or Del Grosso and Mader sound-speed equations.

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