The Complestatins as HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. Efficient Isolation, Structure Elucidation, and Inhibitory Activities of Isocomplestatin, Chloropeptin I, New Complestatins, A and B, and Acid-Hydrolysis Products of Chloropeptin I

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Abstract
From the screening of a microbial extract library, isocomplestatin (1), a new axial-chiral isomer of complestatin (2) which is a known rigid bicyclic hexapeptide, was identified as a potent natural product inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, a unique enzyme responsible for viral replication. Isocomplestatin showed inhibitory activities (IC50) in coupled 3‘-end processing/strand transfer (200 nM), strand transfer (4 μM), and HIV-1 replication (200 nM) in virus-infected cells. Attempted large-scale isolation of 1 by the literature method, used for the isolation of complestatin, led to lower yield and limited availability. We have developed several new, two-step, high-yielding absorption/elution methods of isolation based on reverse-phase chromatography at pH 8 that are applicable to scales from one gram to potential industrial quantities. We have also discovered and determined the structure of two new congeners of 1, namely, complestatins A (4) and B (5), with almost equal HIV-1 integrase activity. They differ from 1 at C2‘ and C3‘ of the tryptophan moiety (residue F). Selective acid hydrolysis of chloropeptin I (3), itself a known acid-catalyzed rearranged isomer of 1 and 2 (8‘- vs 7‘-substitution in tryptophan residue F, respectively), an isomer of complestatin, and isocomplestatin resulted in a number of fragments (6−10) with retention of most of the HIV-1 integrase activity. The structure−activity relationship as revealed by these compounds could possibly lead to the design of better inhibitors or understanding of the HIV-1 integrase target.

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