Toll‐Like Receptor and Cytokine Expression Patterns of CD56+T Cells Are Similar to Natural Killer Cells in Response to Infection with Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Replicons

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Abstract
Using the natural killer (NK) cell-surface marker CD56 to study NK T cells in peripheral blood, we found that their frequency in mononuclear cells among healthy individuals was 1%–20% (average, 7.3%) and sporadically increased 4–5-fold within individuals over the course of 8 months. Infection of mononuclear cells in vitro with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicon particles (VRPs) resulted in a significant increase in CD56+ T cells and in the expression of interferon-α, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–α, and interferon-γ by CD56+ but not CD56− T cells. NK and CD56+ T cells expressed higher levels of Toll-like receptor (TLR)–3 and TLR4 after infection with VRPs, whereas only NK cells expressed inducible TNF-α and TLR2. Most of these effects were duplicated by activating mononuclear cells with double-stranded RNA. These expression patterns indicate that T cells coexpressing NK markers respond like NK cells to viral infection or double-stranded RNA, potentially fulfilling innate and adaptive immune functions

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