An Apical Technic for Catheterization of the Left Side of the Heart Applied to Infants and Children

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Abstract
DIRECT hemodynamic study of the left ventricle has been accomplished in recent years by many approaches. In infancy and childhood it is often possible to pass a catheter into this ventricle via the venous route through the foramen ovale and mitral valve. When this is not possible, retrograde aortic catheterization usually permits entry into the left ventricle. In a limited number of situations catheterization of this ventricle or its outflow artery or both is not feasible by these relatively simple methods. To be useful in such situations a method must satisfy certain requirements: it must be applicable on infrequent occasions, . . .