Penicillamine — an Anglo-American Adventure in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

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Abstract
The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming, and its subsequent purification by Florey and Chain at Oxford, was translated into clinical usefulness by a team of chemists and microbiologists at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory in Peoria, Illinois. This transatlantic collaboration has continued through the years with respect to one of the degradation products of penicillin — penicillamine, which was first discovered by the Oxford group in 1943.1 Ten years later, John Walshe, while working on the Harvard Division of the Boston City Hospital, first identified penicillamine in the urine of patients with liver disease who were receiving penicillin. . . .