Energy Conservation for Rough-Surface Scattering

Abstract
The neglect of multiple-scatter and shadowing effects in the theory of high-frequency scatter from random rough surfaces is manifested as a nonphysical energy loss or gain. This is demonstrated most clearly when the scattered intensity is cast in the form of the probability density of specular slopes. Shadowing is accounted for by introduction of the probability of illumination, conditional on the slope. Energy is then conserved for near-grazing incidence.

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