On Factors Affecting the Initial Development of Pine

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Abstract
In comparative seeding expts. and other observations on heaths in Finland the following results were obtained: on some sites, birds and Lasius ate and carried away most pine seed soon after sowing. In dense vegetation and humus, germination occurred only with difficulty; on the other hand, frost-heaving injuries were worse on areas without vegetation and humus; thus seeding was best in a thin and broken cover of vegetation and humus. Overtopping or surrounding by stands of mature or sapling pines affected seeding results, owing to root competition and, in the mature stand, in other ways, e. g., by interception of radiation and rainfall. In thin surface soil exposed to radiation, maximum temps. were often very high (40-69C) and minimum temps. low (-2 to + 10[degree]C). Seeding results were in many ways dependent on temp. Evaporation rate, measured at a height of 1-4 cm. was very different on different sites, but seeding results were not in accordance with evaporation conditions shown in this way. Watering with a total of 30 mm. of water in dry periods was favorable for seeding. Most seed sowed on 15 June 1946 germinated late in August or even in the following summer. The surface water carried seeds, sand and litter. Such transportation by water was an important factor in the seeding results.

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