Autoecious Puccinia species attacking Cardueae in North America

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Abstract
Native rusts include P. irrequiseta on Centaurea americana and the following taxa on Cirsium: P. laschii var. laschii and var. xerophila var. nov.; P. altissimorum sp. nov. and var. horriduli var. nov.; P. californica and var. deserticola var. nov.; P. inclusa and vars. flodmanii, boreohesperia, brevifolii, and mexicana vars. nov. Introduced rusts include P. bardani on Arctium minus, P. carthami on Carthamus tinctorius, P. acroptili on Acroptilon (Centaurea) repens, P. centaureae var. centaureae on Centaurea nigra, P. cyani var. cyani and var. sublevis var. nov. on Centaurea cyanus, P. cnici var. cnici on Cirsium vulgare, and P. punctiformis on Cirsium arvense. The origins and relationships of the American Cirsium rusts are discussed in relation to those of the host plants. A hitherto disregarded adaptation to arid climates, the evolution of very fine and close urediniospore echinulations, is described and exemplified; it is suspected to function through improved retention of spores in the sorus in dry weather when susceptible young leaves are unavailable. Biological observations suggest means of limiting the spread of rusts of economic hosts and promoting those of some weedy hosts.

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