Reduction of the fertilizing capacity of sea urchin sperm by cannabinoids derived from marihuana. II. Ultrastructural changes associated with inhibition of the acrosome reaction

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Abstract
Pretreatment of Strongylocentrotus purpuratus sperm with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) prevents the triggering of the acrosome reaction by egg jelly. Examination of THC-treated sperm by transmission electron microscopy reveals that the membrane fusion reaction between the sperm plasma membrane and the acrosomal membrane is completely blocked. Electrondense deposits are present in the subacrosomal fossa and in the centriolar fossa. The nuclear envelope is fragmented in close proximity to the electron-dense deposits. The electron-dense deposits are not bound by a limiting membrane, stain positively for lipid with thymol and farnesol, and disappear from THC-treated sperm that are extracted with chloroform:methanol (2:1) after glutaraldehyde fixation. The electron-dense deposits are lipid in nature and may be a hydrolytic product of the nuclear envelope. Electron-dense deposits are seen in sperm after 1–10 min treatment with 5–100 μM THC. The electrondense deposits disappear after removal of THC from the sperm by washing, but the fragmented nuclear envelope in the subacrosomal fossa persists. Cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBN) also inhibit the triggering of the acrosome reaction by egg jelly and produce ultrastructural changes in the sperm identical to those elicited by THC. Enhanced phospholipase activity stimulated by THC, CBD, and CBN may be the cause of the accumulation of lipid deposits in the sperm. Metabolites derived from this modification of membrane phospholipids may prevent triggering of the acrosome reaction by egg jelly and thereby inhibit fertilization.