Crowding Studies and Urban Life: A Critical Review

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Abstract
In recent years, a great deal of speculation and research has appeared on the topic of whether population density has serious social psychological consequences. In this article, we review the crowding literature with particular concern for its implications for urban life. First, we examine the extant research and draw two conclusions: that much of the work is methodologically or conceptually limited; and, that density, though perceived as unpleasant, does not appear to have definite and consistent detrimental effects. Second, we consider the theoretical relevance of this literature to urban studies, find it lacking in certain respects, and suggest solutions to the problem of relevance. Finally, we present several theoretical frameworks for guiding future research on the effects of urban density.