Leakage of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids from waste impoundments constructed in fractured rock and clay: theory and case history

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Abstract
This paper examines the behaviour of dense, nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) in fractured media, with an emphasis on waste-disposal ponds constructed in fractured clay and rock. Calculations are presented to estimate the height of DNAPL that may accumulate at the base of a disposal pond prior to initial entry into a water-saturated fracture. This height is found to be a function of the fluid densities, the DNAPL–water interfacial tension, the fracture aperture, and the position of the water table. A numerical model is applied to estimate the steady-state rate of DNAPL leakage from a disposal pond underlain by vertical fractures. This rate of leakage is found to be a function of the spacing of fractures, the fracture aperture, the DNAPL density, and the height of the water table in the formation outside of the impoundment. It is demonstrated that a wide range of leakage rates can occur over a relatively narrow range of parameters. A conceptual analysis of two-phase flow examines the conditions that lead to both uniform and sparse DNAPL migration pathways beneath a disposal pond in fracture networks. A case history is presented as field evidence of the concepts discussed. In particular, the case history demonstrates that sparse DNAPL migration pathways can occur in fractured rock, and that relatively low dissolved phase concentrations can exist in the immediate vicinity of DNAPL source zones. Key words : nonaqueous phase liquids, ground water, fractures, disposal ponds.

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