Decomposition of logging residues in Douglas-fir, western hemlock, Pacific silver fir, and ponderosa pine ecosystems

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Abstract
Logging residue decomposition rates were determined in four conifer forest ecosystems in the State of Washington, U.S.A. (coastal western hemlock, Puget lowland Douglas-fir, high-elevation Pacific silver fir, and eastern Cascade ponderosa pine), by examining wood density changes in a series of south-facing harvest areas with residues of different ages. Decomposition rates were determined for two diameter classes (1-2 and 8-12 cm) and two vertical locations (on and > 20 cm above the soil surface). Pacific silver fir and ponderosa pine ecosystems had the lowest k values (0.005 and 0.010 year-1, respectively) followed by Douglas-fir (range, 0.004-0.37 year-1) and western hemlock (range, 0.010-0.030 year-1). Small-diameter residues decomposed at rates significantly lower than large-diameter residues in Douglas-fir and western hemlock ecosystems; this relationship was also implied in the other ecosystems. In all four ecosystems, dry season moisture contents were lower in smaller-diameter residues. Moisture levels associated with small-diameter residues were too low for significant decomposition to occur during the dry summer period and probably contributed to the slow annual decay rates. Residues located above the soil surface decomposed significantly slower than residues on the soil surface only in the Douglas-fir ecosystem. Dry season residue moisture, rather than initial lignin concentration, appeared to be the dominant factor determining residue decomposition rates on exposed harvested areas.