Examination of occlusions in xylem vessels of cut rose flowers, using cryoscanning electron microscopy and cryoultramilling cross‐sectioning

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Abstract
The occlusions occurring in xylem vessels of cut rose flowers (Rosa hybrida L.) were examined using freeze fracturing and conventional SEM, or cryoultramilling cross‐sectioning followed by cryo‐SEM. The study provides an excellent example of the utility of the latter procedure. The stems contained bacteria surrounded by amorphous material. The amorphous material, which was likely bacterial slime, was more abundant in cryo‐SEM. The ultramilling method resulted in smooth cross‐sectioning of the xylem walls. The results show that bacteria do not degrade the xylem walls.