Effects of environment and cultural practices on calcium nutrition

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Abstract
An attempt will be made to elucidate how the basic phenomena governing Ca uptake and distribution in the plant respond to manipulation. Effects on Ca uptake through manipulation of the root medium seem to be mainly caused by shifts in competition or relative availability of Ca and ions such as K, NH4, and some others. Cultural practices, which affect the above ground environment of the plant can have effect in two ways. Primary distribution of Ca in its xylem pathway may be affected or an influence on the redistribution can be assumed. Exchange, fixation, and sometimes even mobilization are affected by light, temperature and transpiration. Direct manipulation of the plant itself ‐ such as grafting, pruning, application of growth regulators, disease control, etc. ‐can in many cases also be related to certain processes involved in Ca‐distribution over the plant. The multitude of processes involved makes the forecasting of effects still rather difficult, but effective ameliorative measures are available.