Herbicide Clomazone Does Not Inhibit In Vitro Geranylgeranyl Synthesis from Mevalonate

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Abstract
Clomazone reduced the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seedlings. The order of species sensitivity was velvetleaf > spinach > barley > soybean. Clomazone (100 micromolar) did not affect the in vitro activities of spinach isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase or prenyl transferase. Clomazone also did not affect the synthesis of isopentenyl pyrophosphate from mevalonic acid. Thus, clomazone had no direct in vitro effect on the synthesis of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate from mevalonic acid. Greening seedlings of both soybean and velvetleaf metabolized clomazone. No qualitative differences in the metabolites were detected between soybean and velvetleaf. Thus, differential metabolism of clomazone to a toxic chemical that inhibits terpenoid synthesis is unlikely. Clomazone has either a mode of action not yet identified or a metabolite that is selective in that it is much more active in sensitive than tolerant species.