The contraction of the extrinsic muscles of the eye by choline and nicotine

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Abstract
Choline, acetylcholine and nicotine produce a slow, tonic contraction of the normal extrinsic muscles of the eye. This is the only recorded example of this type of contraction occurring in the non-denervated voluntary muscles of mammals. In this respect the ocular muscles of mammals resemble the voluntary muscles of species below mammalia, or the other voluntary muscles of mammalia before they have received their motor nerve supply or after they have been deprived of it. The contraction is unaffected by atropine, increased by adrenaline, and abolished by nicotine and curare. The morphological basis of this unique behavior of these muscles is discussed.

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