Spatial variation in selection on corolla shape in a generalist plant is promoted by the preference patterns of its local pollinators

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Abstract
Summary: An adaptive role of corolla shape has been often asserted without an empirical demonstration of how natural selection acts on this trait. In generalist plants, in which flowers are visited by diverse pollinator fauna that commonly vary spatially, detecting pollinator-mediated selection on corolla shape is even more difficult. In this study, we explore the mechanisms promoting selection on corolla shape in the generalist cruciferErysimum mediohispanicumPolatschek (Brassicaceae). We found that the main pollinators ofE. mediohispanicum(large bees, small bees and bee flies) discriminate between different corolla shapes when offered artificial flowers without reward. Importantly, different pollinators prefer different shapes: bees prefer flowers with narrow petals, whereas bee flies prefer flowers with rounded overlapping petals. We also found that flowers with narrow petals (those preferred by bees) produce both more pollen and nectar than those with rounded petals. Finally, different plant populations were visited by different faunas. As a result, we found spatial variation in the selection acting on corolla shape. Selection favoured flowers with narrow petals in the populations where large or small bees are the most abundant pollinator groups. Our study suggests that pollinators, by preferring flowers with high reward, exert strong selection on theE. mediohispanicumcorolla shape. The geographical variation in the pollinator-mediated selection onE. mediohispanicumcorolla shape suggests that phenotypic evolution and diversification can occur in this complex floral trait even without specialization.