Nuclear repositioning marks the selective exclusion of lineage‐inappropriate transcription factor loci during T helper cell differentiation

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Abstract
To address how heritable patterns of gene expression are acquired during the differentiation of Th1 and Th2 cells, we analyzed the nuclear position of lineage‐restricted cytokine genes and their upstream regulators by 3‐dimensional fluorescence in situ hybridization. During Th1 differentiation, GATA‐3 and c‐maf loci, which encode upstream regulators of Th2 cytokines, were progressively repositioned to centromeric heterochromatin as defined by a γ‐satellite repeat probe and/or the nuclear periphery, compartments that have been associated with transcriptional repression. A third transcription factor locus, T‐bet, which controls Th1‐specific programs, was subject to de novo CpG methylation in a Th2 cell clone. In contrast, we did not find repositioning of the cytokine gene loci IL‐2, IL‐3, IL‐4 or IFN‐γ during T helper cell differentiation. Instead, IFN‐γ was constitutively associated with the nuclear periphery, even when primed for expression in Th1 cells. Our results suggest that Th1/Th2 lineage commitment and differentiation involve repositioning of the regulators of cytokine expression, rather than the cytokine genes themselves.