Holocene Relict Woodlands at the Eastern Canadian Treeline

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Abstract
We present direct evidence for the relict nature of lichenspruce woodlands thriving at treeline, using 14C-dated stands growing in the humid climate of eastern Hudson Bay in northern Québec. Black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP, forms two groups of relict stands: a Neoglacial group of postfire origin dating between 2000 and 900 yr B.P. and a pre-Neoglacial group most likely established between 4500 and 3200 yr B.P. The latter group shows no evidence of fire (absence of charcoal under topsoil organic horizon). The stands are exceptional because they probably are the direct lineages of the primeval forests that colonized the land sometime after deglaciation. The structure of the relict lichen-spruce communities gives strong support to the current thesis that considers lichen-spruce woodland as a self-perpetuating open forest, typical of the subarctic environment.