Cretaceous geotectonic patterns in the New Zealand Region

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Abstract
In the mid‐Cretaceous, around 105±5 Ma, the tectonic regime in New Zealand changed significantly. From the Permian to the Early Cretaceous most rocks formed under the influence of convergent margin tectonics and comprise incomplete remnants of magmatic arcs, forearc basins, trench slope basins, and accretionary complexes. This tectonic pattern was ended by the approach and collision of the spreading ridge between the Phoenix and Pacific plates. Crustal extension, leading eventually to fragmentation of the continental crust, commenced immediately after ridge collision. Precollisional and syncollisional events deformed and thickened the accretionary prism, with concurrent folding and thrusting of more arcward elements. Cretaceous granulites in southwest New Zealand are thought to result from the closure of a small backarc basin or marginal sea slightly earlier than the main ridge collision. Postcollisional block faulting led to thick nonmarine sedimentation in new basins that cut across old terrane boundaries, except in the outboard area where a thick wedge of marine rocks was deposited over the subsiding accretionary prism. After oblique ridge trench collision along the New Zealand margin, the Phoenix‐Pacific Ridge propagated to the southwest to link with zones of incipient spreading in the Tasman Sea and south of Australia. Subsequently, the eastern part of the ridge continued to migrate south with increasing offset along the Udinsev Fracture Zone. In the Late Cretaceous a duplicate ridge developed. The southern branch continued to move southward and collided with the trench west of the Antarctic Peninsula in the Cenozoic. The northern branch is the extant East Pacific Ridge.