The Innate Immune Modulators Staphylococcal Complement Inhibitor and Chemotaxis Inhibitory Protein ofStaphylococcus aureusAre Located on β-Hemolysin-Converting Bacteriophages

Top Cited Papers
Open Access
Publisher Website
Google Scholar
Abstract
Two newly discovered immune modulators, chemotaxis inhibitory protein ofStaphylococcus aureus(CHIPS) and staphylococcal complement inhibitor (SCIN), cluster on the conserved 3′ end of β-hemolysin (hlb)-converting bacteriophages (βC-φs). Since these βC-φs also carry the genes for the immune evasion molecules staphylokinase (sak) and enterotoxin A (sea), this 8-kb region at the 3′ end of βC-φ represents an innate immune evasion cluster (IEC). By PCR and Southern analyses of 85 clinicalStaphylococcus aureusstrains and 5 classical laboratory strains, we show that 90% ofS. aureusstrains carry a βC-φ with an IEC. Seven IEC variants were discovered, carrying different combinations ofchp,sak, orsea(orsep), always in the same 5′-to-3′ orientation and on the 3′ end of a βC-φ. From most IEC variants we could isolate active bacteriophages by mitomycin C treatment, of which lysogens were generated inS. aureusR5 (broad phage host). All IEC-carrying bacteriophages integrated intohlb, as was measured by Southern blotting of R5 lysogens. Large quantities of the different bacteriophages were obtained by mitomycin C treatment of the lysogens, and bacteriophages were collected and used to reinfect all lysogenic R5 strains. In total, five lytic families were found. Furthermore, phage DNA was isolated and digested with EcoR1, revealing that one IEC variant can be found on different βI-φs. In conclusion, the four human-specific innate immune modulators SCIN, CHIPS, SAK, and SEA form an IEC that is easily transferred amongS. aureusstrains by a diverse group of β-hemolysin-converting bacteriophages.

This publication has 32 references indexed in Scilit: