Zika virus in the Americas: Early epidemiological and genetic findings

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Abstract
Brazil has experienced an unprecedented epidemic of Zika virus (ZIKV), with ~30,000 cases reported to date. ZIKV was first detected in Brazil in May 2015, and cases of microcephaly potentially associated with ZIKV infection were identified in November 2015. We performed next-generation sequencing to generate seven Brazilian ZIKV genomes sampled from four self-limited cases, one blood donor, one fatal adult case, and one newborn with microcephaly and congenital malformations. Results of phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses show a single introduction of ZIKV into the Americas, which we estimated to have occurred between May and December 2013, more than 12 months before the detection of ZIKV in Brazil. The estimated date of origin coincides with an increase in air passengers to Brazil from ZIKV-endemic areas, as well as with reported outbreaks in the Pacific Islands. ZIKV genomes from Brazil are phylogenetically interspersed with those from other South American and Caribbean countries. Mapping mutations onto existing structural models revealed the context of viral amino acid changes present in the outbreak lineage; however, no shared amino acid changes were found among the three currently available virus genomes from microcephaly cases. Municipality-level incidence data indicate that reports of suspected microcephaly in Brazil best correlate with ZIKV incidence around week 17 of pregnancy, although this correlation does not demonstrate causation. Our genetic description and analysis of ZIKV isolates in Brazil provide a baseline for future studies of the evolution and molecular epidemiology of this emerging virus in the Americas.
Funding Information
  • European Research Council (ERC)
  • European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013)
  • ERC (614725-PATHPHYLODYN, 268904-DIVERSITY)
  • Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1119467, OPP1093011, OPP1106023, OPP1132415)
  • Brazilian Ministry of Health
  • Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (302032/2011-8, 200024/2015-9)
  • National Institute of Science and Technology
  • U.S. NIH (R24 AT 120942)
  • UK Medical Research Council (MR/L009528/1)
  • Wellcome Trust (95066, 102427, 090532/Z/09/Z)
  • CNPq-National Agency for Scientific and Technologic Development (573739/2008-0, 301641/2010-2, 457664/2013-4)