Movement of the hyoid in frogs during feeding

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Abstract
Feeding, breathing, and vocalization sequences of Bufo marinus were recorded by cineradiography. Results of film analysis indicate that the hyoid moves during all three behaviors. Movement of the hyoid is critical in tongue protrusion of frogs, and a biomechanical model of this action is presented. The hyoid appears to represent a compromise morphological system for three functions, rather than an optimal system for any one. This may explain, in part, the retention of a relatively inefficient breathing mechanism in frogs.