Free convection in the tilted open thermosyphon

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Abstract
Approximate solutions are found for the fluid flow and heat transfer in a heated cylinder, closed at the bottom and opening at the top into a reservoir of cool fluid, which has been tilted at a small angle to the vertical.One solution is found for large Rayleigh number when the boundary layer does not fill the tube, and another for small Rayleigh number when the boundary layer fills the tube. In both cases tilting causes a small increase in heat transfer which is proportional to the square of (l/a) tan ϕ, where l/a is the length–radius ratio and ϕ the angle of tilt.

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