Why Is Erythropoietin Present in Human Milk? Studies of Erythropoietin Receptors on Enterocytes of Human and Rat Neonates

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Abstract
Erythropoietin receptors (Epo-R) are expressed on cells in the small bowel of human fetuses, but their function has not been defined. We hypothesized that intestinal Epo-R are present postnatally, and that recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo) would increase enterocyte migration and decrease cytokine-induced apoptosis. We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry to evaluate the presence of Epo-R mRNA and protein in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), and in postnatal human and rat bowel. The effect of rEpo on rates of cell migration and proliferation were established in IEC-6 cells by using cell counting and incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. To determine whether rEpo affects response to injury, cells were pretreated with rEpo, then were damaged with 25 or 50 ng/mL tumor necrosis factor-α plus 2.5 µg/mL cycloheximide. Cell death was determined by colorimetric bioassay. We found that Epo-R mRNA and protein were expressed by IEC-6 cells and by enterocytes of postnatal rat and human small bowel. Cells that had been exposed to 0.05 or 5.00 U/mL rEpo migrated faster than did the controls (p < 0.05), but no difference was noted in cell proliferation. Treatment of IEC-6 cells with rEpo before or at the time of injury resulted in a lower percentage of cell death, and this effect was neutralized by anti-Epo antibody. We conclude that Epo-R is expressed in enterocytes postnatally in rats and humans. Recombinant Epo increases the rate of migration of IEC-6 cells and decreases cytokine-induced apoptosis. These studies suggest that Epo within human milk has actions on neonate's intestinal function.